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|a 594.1:591.16
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|a Medaković, Davorin
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|a Procesi kalcifikacije ljuštura ličinačkih, mladih i odraslih školjkaša kamenica (Ostrea edulis, Linnaeus) i dagnji (Mytilus galloprpvincialis, Lamarck) :
|b doktorska disertacija /
|c Davorin Medaković.
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|a Zagreb :
|b D. Medaković,
|c 1995
|e ([s. l. :
|f s. n.])
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| 300 |
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|a 216 listova :
|b ilustr., graf. prikazi., table ;
|c 30 cm.
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|a Doktor prirodnih znanosti - biologija
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|a Komisija za ocjenu: Branko Kurelec, Stanko Popović, Mirjana Hrs-Brenko; Komisija za obranu: Branko Kurelec, Stanko Popović, Mirjana Hrs-Brenko; datum obrane: 28.06.1995; datum promocije: 01.12.1995.
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|a Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Institut "Ruđer Bošković" Zagreb, Zagreb, 1995
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|a Bibliografija: str. 181-210
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|a Summary
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|a Sažetak: Rendgenskom difrakcijskom analizom istraživani su procesi biomineralizacije kamenica Ostrea edulis i dagnji Mytilus galloprovincialis i Mytilus edulis. Analizirani su uzorci kamenica tijekom inkubacijskog perioda (embrionalni razvoj i rast ličinki), razvijenih veliger ličinki sakupljenih iz planktona, te ličinki prihvaćenih na kolektore. Određen je mineralni sastav i fazne promjene tijekom stvaranja prve organske ljušturice prodisokonh I trohofore, rast prodisokonh II ljušturice veliger ličinki, nastajanje disokonh ljušture u procesu metamorfoze, te mineralni sastav mladih i odraslih školjkaša. Odrasle dagnje Mytilus galloprovincialis i Mytilus edulis su poticane na mriještenje termo-mehaničkim i kemijskim metodama.
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|a U laboratoriju je praćen razvoj embrija i rast ličinki do potpunog formiranja prodisokonh II sloja veliger ličinki (M.edulis), i do razvijenih pediveliger ličinki pred prihvat (M.galloprovincialis). Mjerena je aktivnost enzima ugljične anhidraze u embrijima, ličinkama i tkivima odraslih dagnji Mytilus edulis, te prikazan utjecaj aktivnosti enzima na procese biomineralizacije ličinki i odraslih školjkaša. U kamenica Ostrea edulis prva organska ljušturica prodisokonh I pojavljuje se u stanju kasne gastrule (veličine od oko 100 [mikro]m). Mineralizacija tog sloja započinje izlučivanjem prvih kristala kalcita, koji služe kao centri kristalizacije drugoj mineralnoj komponenti ljušturice, aragonitu, a završava pri podjednakim udjelima aragonita i organske komponente, kod veličine veliger ličinki od 140 do 150 [mikro]m.
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|a Naglim porastom udjela aragonita na gotovo 100%, i nastajanjem prodisokonh II sloja, (pri veličini veliger ličinki od 180 do 190 [mikro]m), završava inkubacijski period i ličinke kamenica nastavljaju život u planktonu. Tijekom planktonskog perioda života ličinke kamenica rastu (od 200 do 300 [mikro]m), ljušture im se mijenjaju morfološki, ali im mineralni sastav ostaje isti. Nakon prihvata za čvrstu podlogu i pri podjednakim udjelima kalcita i aragonita, započinje proces metamorfoze. Završetak metamorfoze pediveliger ličinke u mladu kamenicu označen je stvaranjem disokonh ljušturice izgrađene uglavnom od kalcita, dok se aragonit pojavljuje kao sastavni dio rožnatog ligamenta i na mjestu gdje je mišić zatvarač pričvršćen za ljušture. Ljušture odraslih kamenica imaju isti mineralni sastav kao i ljušture mladih kamenica.
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|a Dagnje Mytilus galloprovincialis i Mytilus edulis neposredno nakon oplodnje (prije i nakon prve diobe) pokazuju prisutnost minerala kalcita i kvarca u udjelima od oko 1 %. U kasnijim embrionalnim i ličinačkim razvojnim fazama procesi biomineralizacije dagnji slični su kao i u kamenica Ostrea edulis. Veliger ličinke dagnji Mytilus edulis, imaju potpuno formiran prodisokonh I sloj 52 sata, a prodisokonh II sloj 72 sata nakon oplodnje. Ljušture tek prihvaćenih pediveliger ličinki dagnji M. galloprovincialis prije metamorfaze (veličine oko 400 [mikro]m), kao i mladih dagnji nakon metamorfoze (veličina do 1200 [mikro]m), izgrađene su od aragonita (60 %), kalcita (30 %) i organske komponente (10 %), za razliku od odraslih dagnji u čijim ljušturama prevladava kalcit (75 %), a aragonit se pojavljuje u udjelima od 25 %.
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|a Odrasle dagnje M.edulis imaju drugačiji mineralni sastav ljuštura. Aragonit je prisutan u udjelima od 60 %, a kalcit u udjelima od 40 %. Pediveliger ličinke dagnji Mytilus galloprovincialis pred prihvat izgrađene su od kalcij karbonata monohidrata, koji do sada nije zabilježen kao sastavni dio ljuštura školjkaša. Isto tako nije zabilježeno u literaturi da trohofore i ljušture veliger ličinki dagnji Mytilus edulis dobivene nakon poticanja odraslih školjkaša na mriještenje barij kloridom, pokazuju prisutnost minerala barita, gipsa, halita, dolomita i nedefinirane komponente, u udjelima od tragova do 20 %. Aktivnost enzima ugljične anhidraze utječe na proces biomineralizacije školjkaša.
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|a Svaki put nakon povećane aktivnosti enzima u embrionalnim i ličinačkim razvojnim stadijima dagnji Mytilus edulis odvijaju se bitne fiziološko-morfološke promjene povezane s kalcifikacijom i mineralizacijom ili promjene mineralnog sastava i faznih udjela komponenti u ljušturama. Izmjerene aktivnosti enzima u gonadnom tkivu i plaštanom epitelu, ukazuju na stabilnost procesa mineralizacije ljuštura odraslih dagnji.
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|a Summary: X-ray diffraction was used to study the biomineralization processes of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis, Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and blue mussel Mytilus edulis. The oysters were sampled during the early incubation period (embryonal development and growth of the first larval phases), then in phases of developed veliger larvae in plankton, and after attachment of larvae to a substrate. Mineral components and their fractions were determined in the first organic shell (prodissoconch I in trochophore), then during mineralization of prodissoconch II in veliger larvae, during formation of dissoconch shell in the metamorphosis process, and in juvenile and adult oysters. Adult mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus edulis were stimulated to spawning, using mechanical-thermal and chemical stimulation.
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|a Mineral components were determined in the first embryonal and larval development phases, in prodissoconch II shell of veliger larvae of M.edulis, as well as in pediveliger larvae before attachment of M.galloprovincialis. The activity of enzyme carbonic anhydrase was measured from the early embryonic stage to the formation of veliger larvae in the blue mussel M.edulis, in order to study a possible physiological role of enzyme activity in crystal formation and mineralization of the first larval shell. Also carbonic anhydrase activity was measured in the mantle and gonadal tissue of adult mussels with a different condition index. The beginning of the first organic shell, called the prodissoconch I, of the oyster Ostrea edulis was noticed in a later gastrula stage (length about 100 [mikro]m).
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|a The mineralization of prodissoconch I started with appearance of calcite crystals (1 to 7 volume %), being crystallization centres for formation of the second mineral component, aragonite, and finished when the fractions of aragonite and amorphous organic phase were approximately equals and veliger larvae had 140 to 150 [mikro]m in length. In the later stage of the veliger larvae the fraction of calcite decreased, as well as the fraction of the amorphous component, while the fraction of aragonite rapidly increased. The sizes of developed veliger larvae were 180 to 190 [mikro]m, prodissoconch II shell was formed (aragonite was dominant, with very small amounts of amorphous component and traces of calcite), and this stage was considered to be the point when the parent oysters released the larvae into the surrounding water.
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|a During planktonic period of life,larvae grew from 200 to 300 [mikro]m in length,morphological changes were evident in their shells,but mineral components and their fractions did not change.Metamorphosis process started after the attachment of larvae to a substrate,when fractions of aragonite and calcite were approximately equal. The metamorphosis ended and the pediveliger larvae transformed to juvenile oysters when fraction of calcite reached its maximum (almost 100 %). In the juvenile and adult oysters aragonite was present only in the ligament and in adductor miostracum. The mussel embryos of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus edulis immediately after fertilization showed small fractions of calcite and quartz (about 1%).In later embryonal and larval development stages,similar biomineralization processes like in the oyster larvae were noticed
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|a The prodissoconch I shell, in veliger larvae of M.edulis, was formed 52 hours, and the prodissoconch II 72 hours after fertilization. Shells of pediveliger larvae of mussel M.galloprovincialis after attachment and before metamorphosis process (larvae length 400 [mikro]m), and shells of juvenile mussels after metamorphosis (shells length from 450 to 1200 [mikro]m), consisted of aragonite (60%) and calcite (40%).Contrary to that,the valves of adult mussels were composed mainly of calcite (75%), and of a smaller fraction of aragonite (25%). In adult mussels of M.edulis aragonite was dominant (60%), with a smaller fraction of calcite (40%). The pediveliger larvae of M.galloprovincialis showed the unusual mineral composition, with mineral calcium carbonate monohydrate, which till now has not been registered in larval, juvenile or adult bivalve shells.
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|a Trochophore and larvae of mussels M.edulis which parents were stimulated to spawning by barium chloride, contained other minerals in their shells, gypsum, barite, dolomite, halite and an unknown component (with fraction from traces to 20 %), this also has not been reported in the literature. The carbonic anhydrase activity was linked with the shell formation in the mussel Mytilus edulis. The enzyme activities in different development stages of mussels indicated that the activity had reached a maximum at the end of each development stage.
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|a Consequently, it may be postulated that increasing of carbonic anhydrase activity during each development stage took place and caused rapid physiological and morphological changes, for instance cell division in transition from blastula to gastrula, the first formation of crystals at the end of gastrulation, deposition of minerals in the veliger (prodissoconch I and II shells). Results of carbonic anhydrase activity in mantle epithelium and gonadal tissue of adult mussels showed small deviations from the average values. This indicated stability of mineralization processes in adult organisms.
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| 650 |
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7 |
|a Školjkaši
|x Mineralizacija
|2 nskps
|
| 700 |
1 |
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|a Kurelec, Branko
|4 oth
|
| 700 |
1 |
|
|a Popović, Stanko,
|c veterinar
|4 oth
|
| 700 |
1 |
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|a Hrs-Brenko, Mirjana
|4 oth
|
| 981 |
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|p CRO
|r HRB1995
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| 998 |
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|n DCD
|c sbn, 199702
|c rjkp9803
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| 852 |
4 |
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|j DCD-ZG-164/96
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| 876 |
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|e DCD
|a 164/1996
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| 886 |
0 |
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|2 unimarc
|b 11226iam0 2200457 450
|