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18699cam a2200625 i 4500 |
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NSK01000174811 |
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HR-ZaNSK |
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20070917154744.0 |
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961030s1996 ci a m 000 0 hrv |
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|9 (HR-ZaNSK)175013
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|9 (HR-ZaNSK)961030009
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|a (HR-ZaNSK)000174811
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|a HR-ZaNSK
|b hrv
|c HR-ZaNSK
|e ppiak
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|a ci
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|a 636.52/.58.087.7
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|a Mas, Nora
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|a Utjecaj različitih količina vitamina A i E na odlaganje i kakvoću masti u tkivima pilića u tovu :
|b doktorska disertacija /
|c Nora Mas.
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| 260 |
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|a Zagreb :
|b N. Mas,
|c 1996
|e ([s. l. :
|f s. n.])
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| 300 |
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|a 97 listova :
|b table ;
|c 30 cm.
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| 502 |
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|a Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Veterinarski fakultet, Zagreb, 1996
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|a Bibliografija: str. 89-95
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|a Summary
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|a Sažetak: Utjecaj povećanih količina vitamina A i E u hrani na odlaganje i kakvoću masti u tkivima istražen je u fiziološkim i stresnim uvjetima držanja na ukupno 490 pilića tovnih linija Hybro. U prvom pokusu provedenom na 210 pilića (kontrolna i 6 pokusnih skupina) držanih u fiziološkim uvjetima kontrolna skupina pilića bila je hranjena komercijalnim starterom i finišerom koji je u kilogramu hrane sadržavao normama propisane količine vitamina A i E (12500 i 10000 i.j. vitamina A, 30 i 25 i.j.vitamina E).
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|a Tri pokusne skupine pilića hranjene su starterom i finišerom iste hranidbene vrijednosti, ali uz povećane količine vitamina A (25000, 37500 i 50000 i.j. u starteru, 20000, 30000 i 40000 i.j. u finišeru) i normama propisane količine vitamina E, dok je u tri pokusne skupine količina vitamina A bila normama propisana a količina vitamina E povećana (60,90 i 120 i.j./kg startera i 50, 75 i 100 i.j./kg finišera). U drugom pokusu provedenom na 280 pilića podijeljenih u kontrolnu i šest pokusnih skupina sirovinski sastav i količine vitamina A i E umješane u smjese bili isti kao i u prethodnom, ali se je pokus tijekom trećeg i četvrtog tjedna tova odvijao u stresnim uvjetima (isključeno grijanje, zamračenje,isključena ventilacija,buka).
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|a Rezultati dobiveni u oba istraživanja nisu mogli biti međusobno uspoređeni ali su pokazali, da dodavanje povećanih količina vitamina A u hranu pilića u oba pokusa ne utjeće značajno na prirast tjelesne mase i konverziju hrane. Međutim, trostruko i četverostruko povećanje vitamina E u prvom pokusu povećalo je prirast za 7,5% i 5,9% (P[0,05), a dvostruko povećanje u stresnim uvjetima za 2,2%. Najveći utrošak hrane po kilogramu prirasta zabilježen je u pilića hranjenih normama propisanim količinama vitamina A i E. Dvostruko i četverostruko povećanje vitamina A poboljšalo je konverziju za 4,1% i 3,6%, a trostruko povećanje vitamina E za 4,6%.
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|a Dodatak A vitamina u hranu pilića držanih u stresnim uvjetima negativno je utjecao na konverziju hrane, pa je ona pri dvostrukom, trostrukom i četverostrukom povećanju bila čak za 5,1% (P[0,05), 1,3% i 3% veća u odnosu na konverziju u pilića hranjenih normama propisanim količinama vitamina A. Najbolju konverziju hrane u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu pilića postigli su pilići koji su u uvjetima stresa jeli hranu s dvostruko (za 2,6%) i trostruko (za 1,7%) povećanim količinama vitamina E, dok je četverostruko povećanje rezultiralo istom konvezijom koja je izmjerena pri normama propisanim količinama vitamina E.
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|a Mjerenje trbušne masti na kraju prvog istraživanja pokazuje da je dvostruko povećanje vitamina A u hrani značajno povećalo udio masti u ukupnoj masi pileta (5,5%), dok trostruko (za 0,7%) ili četverostruko (za 2%) povećanje nije rezultiralo značajnim razlikama u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu pilića. Udio masti u tjelesnoj masi pilića hranjenih povećanim količinama vitamina E bio je najmanji u skupini hranjenoj trostruko povećanim količinama vitamina E. U odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu razlika je iznosila 1,44%. Međutim usporedba rezultata dobivenih pri trostrukom povećanju s rezultatima dobivenim pri dvostrukom i četverostrukom povećanju pokazuje da je dvostruko (za 12,8%) i četverostruko povećanje (za 7,1%) vitamina E značajno povećalo udio masti u tjelesnoj masti pilića u odnosu na trostruko povećanje.
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|a U istraživanju provedenom u stresnim uvjetima, u kontrolnoj skupini pilića masa trbušne masti iznosila je 1,64% ukupne mase pileta, što je 13,8% više negoli u prvom istraživanju (P[0,05). U pokusnim skupinama hranjenim povećanim količinama vitamina A udio trbušne masti u ukupnoj masi pilića hranjenih dvostrukom količinom vitamina A bio je značajno veći u odnosu na četverostruko povećanje (za 5,5%) i na udio masti u ukupnoj tjelesnoj masi kontrolnih pilića (za 6,1%). Razlike izmjerene između pokusnih skupina što su hranom dobivale dvostruke i trostruke ili trostruke i četverostruke količine vitamina A su postojale, ali nisu bile statistički značajne (P[0,05).
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|a Naprotiv, razlike u količini trbušne masti i njenom udjelu u ukupnoj masi pilića hranjenih različitim količinama vitamina E bile su značajne kako između samih skupina tako i u odnosu na kontrolu (osim dvostruko povećanje vitamina E). Postotak tjelesne masti u ukupnoj masi pilića izmjeren pri dvostrukom povećanju vitamina E bio je naznatno veći (2,38%) od onog izmjerenog u kontoli, a postotak tjelesne masti pri trostrukom i četverostrukom povećanju značajno manji (25,00 i 30,49%) od kontrole. Međutim, usporedba rezultata dobivenih u skupinama pilića hranjenih povećanim količinama vitamina E ukazala je da je u stresnim uvjetima trostruko i četverostruko povećanje rezultiralo značajno manjim odlaganjem masti (26,78 i 32,14%) u odnosu na dvostruko povećanje.
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|a Peroksidni broj trbušne masti određen na kraju prvog istraživanja kretao se u rasponu od 15,59 do 48,27. Trostruko povećanje vitamina A rezultiralo je manjim peroksidnim brojem (26,28) u odnosu na peroksidni broj masti kontrolne skupine (30,45) za razliku od dvostrukog i četverostrukog povećanja, pri kojem je peroksidni broj bio veći (40,68 i 48,27). U pokusnim skupinama hranjenim povećanim količinama vitamina E dvostruko i trostruko povećanje značajno je smanjilo peroksidni broj masti (15,59 i 18,68) u odnosu na kontrolu, međutim, četverostruko povećanje vitamina E imalo je sličan učinak kao isto povećanje vitamina A (45,22).
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|a Peroksidni broj trbušne masti kontrolne i pokusnih pilića u drugom istraživanju provedenom u uvjetima stresa kretao se u rasponu od 21,14 do 39,37. Trostruko povećanje vitamina A (25,23) rezultiralo je sličnim vrijednostima kao i u kontrolnoj skupini (27,35), dok su vrijednosti izmjerene pri dvostrukom (39,37) i četverostrukom povećanju (36,08) bile značajno veće (p[0,05). U pokusnim skupinama hranjenim povećanim količinama vitamina E dvostruko povećanje značajno je smanjilo peroksidni broj masti (21,14) u odnosu na peroksidni broj kontrolne skupine. Pri trostrukom i četverostrukom povećanju vitamina E peroksidni broj masti nije se razlikovao od peroksidnog broja masti kontrolne skupine pilića.
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|a Peroksidni broj, kao pokazatelj stupnja oksidacije masti, ne daje točan podatak o količini peroksida, jer su peroksidi izrazito nestabilni spojevi brzo podložni daljnjoj razgradnji. Stoga viši peroksidni broj masti zasigurno ukazuje na njenu oksidativnu razgradnju, dok kod nižeg peroksidnog broja nemožemo sa sigurnošću tvrditi da do razgradnje nije došlo. Rezultati mjerenja stupnja kiselosti trbušne masti kontrolne i pokusnih skupina pilića u prvom istraživanju pokazuju da je najmanji stupanj kiselosti trbušne masti izmjeren u kontrolnoj skupini pilića (1,36). Pokusne skupine što su dobivale dvostruko, trostruko i četverostruko povećane količine vitamina A u hrani imale su 30-40% viši stupanj kiselosti (1,82 1,86 i 1,91) u odnosu na kontrolu (P[0,05).
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|a Stupanj kiselosti izmjeren u trbušnoj masti pilića koji su jeli povečane količine vitamina E bio je značajno viši u odnosu na isti, izmjeren u pilića hranjenih povećanim količinama vitamina A. U odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu (1,36), pri dvostrukom, trostrukom i četverostrukom povećanju razlike su bile visoko značajne (3,13,2,93 i 2,26). Stupnja kiselosti trbušne masti kontrolne i pokusnih skupina pilića u drugom istraživanju nije se bitno razlikovao od stupnja kiselosti izmjerenog u prvom istraživanju, premda se tov odvijao u stresnim uvjetima.Prema stupnju kiselosti izmjerenom u trbušnoj masti kontrolne i pokusnih skupina pilića u prvom i drugom istraživanju, izračunata je količina slobodnih masnih kiselina.
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|a Manji postotak slobodnih masnih kiselina izračunat u kontrolnim skupinama prvog i drugog istraživanja, u odnosu na postotak slobodnih masnih kiselina izračunat za pokusne skupine pokazuje da u ovom istraživanju dodatak povećanih količina vitamina A i E u hranu pilića u tovu nije imao učinak na hidrolitičku razgradnju masti. Dobiveni podaci o uginuću tijekom oba provedena istraživanja ne ukazuju na povezanost količine vitamina u hrani i smrtnosti pilića.
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|a Summary: The effect of increased quantity of vitamins A and E in feed of the deposition and quality of fat tissue were investigated, under physiologically and stress conditions of management in 490 Hybro meet-type chickens. The first trial was carried out in 210 chickens (one control and 6 test groups) kept under physiological conditions. Control group of chickens was fed the commercial starter and finisher mixtures. Each kg of mix contained standard quantities of vitamin A (12500 and 10000 IU) and vitamin E (30 and 25 IU). Three test groups of chickens were given the starter and finisher mixes of identical of nutritional value that contained the recommended, standard amount of vitamin E but increased amounts of vitamin A (25000, 37500 and 50000 IU in starter and 20000, 30000 and 40000 IU respectively, in finisher).
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|a The other three test groups were fed the mixes containing standard amount of vitamin A and increased amounts of vitamin E (60, 90 and 120 IU/kg of starter and 50, 75 and 100 IU/kg of finisher respectively). The second trial was performed in 280 chickens divided in one control and six test groups. Feed composition and the amounts of vitamins A and E added to mixes were identical as in the previous trial, with the only exception that during the third and fourth week of fattening these chickens were kept under stress conditions (switched-off heating, darkness and noise). Mutual comparison of the results obtained in these two trials was impossible, but they showed that increased levels of vitamin A added to feed for broilers in both trials, did not produce significant effect on weight gain and feed conversion.
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|a However, three-fold and four-fold increase of vitamin E level in the first trial resulted in increased weight gain by 7,5% and 5,9% respectively (P[0,05), whilst a two-fold increase of vitamin E level in the second trial led to increased weight gain by 2,2%. The highest feed conversion rate per kilo of weight gain was recorded in the groups of chickens given the recommrnded amounts of vitamins A and E. Feed conversion was improved by 4,1% after a two-fold and by 3,6% after a four-fold increase of vitamin A level. Similarly, a three-fold increase of vitamin E level improved the feed conversion by 4,6%.
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|a The addition of vitamin A to feed for chickens kept under stress conditions had a negative effect of feed conversion rates which were increased by 5,1% (P[0,05), 1,3% and 3% after a two-, three- and four-fold increase respectively, compared with feed conversion rate recorded in chickens fed the mixes containing the recommended quantity of vitamin A. Optimum feed conversion, compared with the control group, was achieved in chickens kept under stress conditions and given the feed containing a two-fold (by 2,6%) or a three-fold (by 1,7%) increased vitamin E level. On the other hand identical results were obtained in chickens given a four-fold or a standard level of vitamin E.
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|a Measurement of the abdominal fat at the end of the first experiment showed that a double increased amount of vitamin A in feed significantly increased the portion of fat in total body weight of chicken (5,5%), whilst a three-fold (0,7%) or a four-fold increased level (2%) did not result in significant differences compared with the control group of chickens. The fat body weight ration in chickens given increased amount of vitamin E was the lowest in the test group given a three-fold increased vitamin E level. The difference amounted to 1,44% compared with the control group.
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|a However, the comparison of results obtained with a three-fold increase with those obtained with either a two-fold or a four-fold increase shows that a two-fold increased vitamin E level resulted in increase fat: body weight ratio by 12,8% by 7,1% respectively, in case of a four-fold increase. In the second trial performed under stress conditions, the abdominal fat accounted for 1,64% of total chick's weight, i.e. it was by 13,8% higher than recorded in the first trial (P[0,05). In the test groups fed the increased amounts of vitamin A the share of the abdominal fat in total body weight of chickens given a two-fold increased amount of vitamin A was significantly higher compared with a four-fold increase (by 5,5%) and with that recorded in the control group of chickens (by 6,1%).
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|a Statistically insignificant difference (P[0,05) were recorded in the test group of chickens given in feed either two- and three-fold or three- and four-fold increased quantity of vitamin A. On the contrary, the differences in the amount of the abdominal fat and its share in the total body weight of chickens given different quantities of vitamin E in feed was significant, both within the test groups and compared with the control group (with the exception of a two-fold incresed quantity of vitamin E). The percentage of body fat in the total body weight of chickens, determined after the intake of double the recommended amount of vitamin E, was insignificantly higher (2,38% compared with the control group.
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|a At the same time, that percentage was significantly lower (25,00%, 30,49% respectively) after a three-fold and a four-fold increase compared with the control group. However the comparison of results obtained in the test groups of chickens given the increased levels of vitamin E showed that under stress conditions the deposition of fat was significantly reduced with the three- and four-fold increased levels (by 26,78%, 32,14% respectively) compared with a two-fold increase. Peroxide number of the abdominal fat determined at the end of the first experiment ranged among 15,59 and 48,27.
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|a A three.fold increased vitamin A level resulted in a lower peroxide number (26,28) compared with the fat peroxide number in the control group (30,45), in distinction to the two- and four-fold increase that produced a higher peroxide number (40,68 and 48,27). In the test groups of chickens given the two- and three-fold increased levels of vitamin E, the fat peroxide number was significantly lower (15,59 and 18,68) compared with the control group. On the other hand, a four-fold increase of vitamin E level produced similar effect as the increased level of vitamin A (45,22). Peroxide number of the abdominal fat in the control and test group of chickens kept under stress conditions in the second trial ranged among 21,14 and 39,14.
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|a A three-fold increased vitamin A level (25,23) gave similar values as those recorded in the control group (27,35), while the values recorded after a two-fold (39,37) and a four-fold increase (36,08) was significantly higher (P[0,05). In the test groups of chickens given the increased amounts of vitamin E, a two-fold increase reduced significantly the fat peroxide number (21,14) compared with that recorded in the control group. With the three- and four-fold increase of vitamin E level the fat peroxide number did not differ from that found in the control group of chickens. The peroxide number as an indicator of the degree of fat oxidation, does not indicate the accurate quantity of peroxides which are known as exceptionally unstable compounds, rapidly prone of further disintegration.
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|a Hence, a higher fat peroxide number evidently indicates its oxidative disintegration, whilst with a lower peroxide number it is impossible of declare with certainty that disintegration has occured. The recorded degrees of acidity of the abdominal fat in the control and test groups of chickens in the first trial show that the lowest degree of acidity of the abdominal fat was found in the control group (1,36). The degree of acidity was higher by 30-40% in the test groups of chickens given two-, three- or four-fold increased amount of vitamin A in feed (1,82, 1,86 and 1,91, respectively) compared with the control group (P[0,05).
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|a The degree of acidity recorded in the abdominal fat of chickens fed the mixes with increased amount of vitamin E was significantly higher compared with that recorded in chickens given increased amount of vitamin A. Compared with the control group (1,36), significant differences were observed with two-, three- and four-fold increases (3,13, 2,93 and 2,26, respectively). The degrees of acidity of the abdominal fat in the control and test groups in the second trial did not differ significantly from the results recorded in the first trial, irrespective of the stress conditions during the two weeks of fattening period. The quantity of free fatty acids (FFA) was determined on the basis of the degree of acidity in the abdominal fat in the control and test groups of chickens in both trials.
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|a A lower percentage of FFA in the control groups of both trials compared with that recorded in the test groups indicated that the addition of increased quantities of vitamins A and E to broiler mixes did not affect the hydrolytic disintegration of fat. Mortality rates recorded in both trials showed no relationship between the quantity of vitamins administered in feed and mortality.
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7 |
|a Brojleri
|x Hranidba
|x Vitamin A
|2 nskps
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| 650 |
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7 |
|a Brojleri
|x Hranidba
|x Vitamin E
|2 nskps
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| 981 |
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|p CRO
|r HRB1996
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| 998 |
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|n DCD
|c dkro9802
|c rjkp9803
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| 852 |
4 |
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|j DCD-ZG-210/96
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| 876 |
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|e DCD
|a 210/1996
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| 886 |
0 |
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|2 unimarc
|b 18247iam0 2200553 450
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