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20070917115426.0 |
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961115s1995 ci a m 000 0 hrv |
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|9 (HR-ZaNSK)176428
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|9 (HR-ZaNSK)961115034
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|a (HR-ZaNSK)000176224
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|a HR-ZaNSK
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|c HR-ZaNSK
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|a ci
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|a 612.393-089
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|a Schoenwald, Neala
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|a Učinci kadmija na zdravlje štakora u uvjetima pomanjkanja željeza odnosno kalcija u hrani :
|b doktorska disertacija /
|c Neala Schoenwald.
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|a Zagreb :
|b N. Schoenwald,
|c 1995
|e ([s. l. :
|f s. n.])
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|a 103 lista :
|b table ;
|c 30 cm.
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|a Doktor znanosti - medicina
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|a mentor: Martina Piasek; Komisija za ocjenu: Martina Pisek, Oskar Springer, Marija Soljačić, Maja Blanuša; Komisija za obranu: Oskar Springer, Marija Soljačić, Martina Piasek, Maja Blanuša; datum obrane: 12.12.1995.; datum promocije: 22.12.1995.
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|a Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Institut za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada, Zagreb, 1995
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|a Bibliografija: str. 88-103
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|a Summary
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|a Sažetak: Svrha ove disertacije bila je procijeniti učinke pomanjkanja željeza odnosno kalcija u hrani na moguće pojačanje toksičnih učinaka kadmija u ženki štakora tijekom skotnosti i laktacije kao i u njihovog potomstva, te ih usporediti s učincima kadmija u neskotnih ženki, pod istim uvjetima prehrane i izloženosti kadmiju. Istraživanje je provedeno na spolno zrelim ženkama albino (Wistar) štakora iz uzgoja Instituta u dva pokusa. U prvom pokusu (pokus A) odrasle ženke hranjene su semisintetskom praškastom hranom s dovoljno željeza (50 ppm) ili sa smanjenim željezom (10 ppm Fe) tijekom 6,5 tjedana (dva tjedna prije parenja, tri tjedna skotnosti i 11 dana laktacije). Izložene ženke primale su u hrani 10 ppm Cd. Sve životinje napajane su destiliranom vodom. Pokus je završen žrtvovanjem ženki i mladunčadi 17.dana laktacije.
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|a U drugom pokusu (pokus B) odrasle ženke hranjene su od prvog dana skotnosti standardnim peletiranim krmivom s dostatno kalcija (1%) ili sa smanjenim kalcijem (0,3% Ca) u hrani tijekom 5,5 tjedana (tri tjedna skotnosti i 11 dana laktacije). Izložene ženke istodobno su napajane otopinom kadmijeva klorida u destiliranoj vodi u dozi od 50 ppm a kontrolne ženke napajane su destiliranom vodom. Ženke i dio mladunčadi žrtvovani su 17. dana laktacije. Usporedno je ispitivana skupina neskotnih ženki pod jednakim uvjetima prehrane i izloženosti kadmiju i one su žrtvovane nakon 5,5 tjedana izloženosti. Dio mladunčadi ženskog spola 17. dana laktacije odbijen je od majki i nakon toga hranjeni su jednakom hranom i izlagani kadmiju na jednak način do dobi od 10 tjedana. Pokus je završen žrtvovanjem ovih ženki u dobi od 10 tjedana.
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|a U oba pokusa životinje su imale slobodan pristup hrani i piću. Parene su s netretiranim mužjacima tijekom tri dana. Na dan okoćenja broj mladunčadi sveden je na šest u leglu. Tijekom obaju pokusa mjerene su tjelesne težine i potrošnja hrane i pića izvan i tijekom skotnosti i laktacije. Procjenjivani su pokazatelji rasplođivanja (indeks fertiliteta te broj žive mladunčadi u leglu, preživljavanje mladunčadi i tjelesne težine tijekom postnatalnog razdoblja). Na svršetku svakog pokusa svim žrtvovanim životinjama mjereni su: krvni pokazatelji (broj E i RTC, postotak Hb i Hct), vlažne težine organa (jetra, bubreg i ponegdje i slezena i mozak) te koncentracije Cd,Fe,Zn i Cu u organima.
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|a U pokusu B su, osim toga, u femurima svih žrtvovanih životinja mjerene: vlažna i suha težina (pokazatelji ukupne količine koštanog tkiva), težina pepela i omjer pepela i suhe težine femura (pokazatelji sadržaja minerala), koncentracija i količina Ca te koncentracije Fe i Zn. Rezultati su pokazali da supkronična oralna izloženost kadmiju i/ili manjku željeza odnosno kalcija u hrani nema učinka na opći izgled, na potrošnju hrane i pića niti na tjelesne težine odraslih ženki izvan i tijekom skotnosti i laktacije. Nije bilo učinaka na postotak skotnosti, na prosječan broj žive mladunčadi u leglu niti na preživljavanje mladunčadi do dobi od 11, odnosno 17 dana. Izloženost Cd usporavala je rast mladunčadi od okoćenja do 11. dana života uz međudjelovanja Fe i Cd. Postojala su međudjelovanja Cd i Ca na težine ženki-majki.
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|a U 10-tjednih ženskih potomaka opaženi su učinci Cd i Ca na sniženje težine. U majki i u novorođenčadi opažen je učinak Fe, a u 11-dnevne mladunčadi bili su prisutni učinci Fe i Cd na smanjenje vlažnih težina organa. Opaženi su učinci Fe i Cd (10 ppm) na krvne pokazatelje u majki i u 11-dnevne mladunčadi (porast broja RTC i pad Hb) te učinak Cd (50 ppm) u 17-dnevnih potomaka (sniženje E, Hb i Hct). Opažen je učinak Fe u hrani na sniženje koncentracija Fe u organima u majki, u novorođenčadi i u 11-dnevne mladunčadi. U 11-dnevnih potomaka postojala su međudjelovanja Fe i Cd na koncentracije Fe. Izloženost Cd utjecala je na sniženje koncentracija Fe u organima ženki-majki, u 11-dnevnih, u 17-dnevnih i u 10-tjednih potomaka te u neskotnih ženki.
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|a Kalcij je imao učinak na sniženje koncentracija Fe u neskotnih i u laktirajućih (u jetri) te u 10-tjednih ženki (u jetri i u femuru). U laktirajućih i u 10-tjednih ženki postojala su i međudjelovanja Ca i Cd. Izloženost Cd u ženki-majki uzrokovala je promjene u koncentracijama Zn (u jetri porast na obje doze Cd i međudjelovanje Fe i Cd, u bubregu porast pri 10 ppm i pad pri 50 ppm Cd). U mladunčadi, Cd (50 ppm) utjecao je na sniženje koncentracija Zn u 17-dnevnih (u jetri) te u 10-tjednih ženki (u femuru). U potomaka, na koncentracije Zn u novorođenčadi utjecalo je Fe (porast Zn u bubregu), u 17-dnevne mladunčadi bio je učinak Ca (porast Zn u bubregu), a u 11-dnevne mladunčadi postojala su međudjelovanja Fe i Cd na Zn (u jetri i u mozgu).
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|a U ženki-majki izloženost Cd imala je učinka na promjene u koncentracijama Cu (u bubregu porast,u jetri ovisnost o sadržaju Fe u hrani,uz međudjelovanja Fe i Cd u oba organa).U organima mladunčadi Cd je utjecao na pad Cu u novorođenčadi (u jetri) i na porast u 11-dnevne mladunčadi (u bubregu). Utjecaj Fe na porast koncentracija Cu bio je u novorođenčadi (u jetri) i u 11-dnevne mladunčadi (u jetri i u bubregu). Međudjelovanja Fe i Cd na koncentracije Cu bila su u novorođenčadi (u jetri) i u 11-dnevne mladunčadi (u jetri, u bubregu i u mozgu). Pojačano nakupljanje Cd opaženo je pri manjku Fe u hrani u ženki-majki (u jetri i u bubregu) kao i pri nedostatnom Ca u ženki-majki, u 10-tjednih ženki(u jetri i u bubregu) te u 17-dnevne mladunčadi (u jetri).
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|a U ženki-majki izloženost Cd i smanjeni Ca u hrani utjecali su na smanjenje vlažne težine femura, a sam Cd utjecao je na sniženje suhe težine femura, težine pepela i količine Ca u femuru. Tih učinaka nije bilo u neskotnih ženki. I u neskotnih i u laktirajućih ženki Cd i Ca utjecali su na sniženje omjera pepela i suhe težine femura. U 17-dnevnih potomaka nije bilo nikakovih učinaka. U 10-tjednog ženskog potomstva opaženi su učinci i Cd i Ca na sniženje koštane mase, te sadržaja minerala i Ca u kostima. Može se zaključiti: 1) Opći perinatalni učinci Cd u sisančadi jači su od izravnih općih učinka Cd u odraslih ženki i na to u postnatalnoj dobi može negativno utjecati pomanjkanje Fe; 2) Izloženost Cd i manjak Fe utječu aditivno na promjene krvnih pokazatelja i na sniženje koncentracija Fe u organima laktirajućih majki i njihove mladunčadi;
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|a 3) U sisančadi nastaju međudjelovanja Cd i Fe na stanje Fe i drugih esencijalnih elemenata (Zn i Cu). U laktirajućih ženki izloženost Cd izaziva porast koncentracija Zn i Cu u organima; 4) U organima ženki-majki veće je nakupljanje Cd negoli u neskotnih ženki i značajno se povisuje pri prehrani sa sniženim sadržajem Fe ili Ca. Manjak Ca utječe na veće nakupljanje Cd i u sisančadi (17-dnevnih) izloženih Cd perinatalno i u adolescenata (10-tjednih) izloženih Cd perinatalno i izravno; 5) Učinak Cd i/ili pomanjkanja Ca na gubitak koštane mase i minerala (Ca) jače je izražen u laktirajućih ženki nego u neskotnih ženki;
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|a 6) Združena perinatalna i izravna izloženost Cd koja se nastavlja nakon odbijanja djeluje nepovoljno na rast i razvoj u postnatalno doba i u doba adolescencije. Nadalje, u adolescentno doba, kad postoje povećane potrebe za Ca, pri smanjenom Ca u prehrani dolazi do učinaka i Cd i Ca na smanjeno stvaranje koštanog tkiva i ugradnju minerala (Ca) u kosti. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na pojačani rizik za štetno djelovanje Cd na žene u fertilnoj dobi i na potomke tijekom razdoblja intenzivnog rasta i razvoja.
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|a Summary: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of iron-deficient or calcium-deficient diet on the cadmium toxicity in female rats during period of gestation and lactation and in their offspring, and to compare the effects of cadmium in nonpregnant rats under the same regime of feeding and exposure condition. The research was performed on sexually mature female albino (Wistar) rats from the Institute's breeding colony in two experiments. In the first experiment (Experiment A) adult females were fed a semisynthetic powdered iron-sufficient (50 ppm Fe) or iron-deficient (10 ppm Fe) diet for 6.5 weeks in total (two weeks prior to mating, three weeks of gestation and 11 days of lactation). Exposed females were given 10 ppm Cd in diet. All animals drank distilled water. Dams and their offspring were sacrificed on day 11 of lactation.
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|a In the second experiment (Experiment B) adult females were fed from the first day of gestation a standard calcium-sufficient (1% Ca) or calcium-deficient (0.3% Ca) rat feed for 5.5 weeks in total (three weeks of gestation and 17 days of lactation). At the same time, exposed females were given cadmium chloride solution (50 ppm Cd) in distilled water. Control females drank distilled water. Dams and part of their offspring were sacrificed on day 17 of lactation. At the same time and under the same conditions, a group of nonpregnant females was exposed to cadmium and fed the same diet. They were sacrificed after 5.5 weeks of exposure. A part of female offspring was weaned on day 17 after birth and after that continued to be fed and exposed in the same way as dams till the age of 10 weeks.
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|a The experiment was completed when these young females were sacrificed at 10 weeks of age. In both experiments animals had free access to feed and beverage. They were mated with untreated males over the period of three days. On the day of parturition the number of pups was normalized to six per litter. During both experiments body weights and food and water consumption were measured during and out of the period of pregnancy and lactation. Parameters of reproduction were estimated (fertility index, average number of live pups per litter, survival rate and body weights during postnatal period). At the end of each experiment in all sacrificed females were measured: blood parameters (number of RBC and RTC, percentage of Hb and Hct), wet organ weights (liver, kidney and, occasionally, spleen and brain) and concentrations of Cd,Fe,Zn and Cu in organs.
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|a Besides, in experiment B in femurs of all sacrificed animals were measured: wet and dry organ weight (parameters of a total amount of bone tissue), ash weight and ratio between ash and dry femur weight (parameters of mineral content), concentration and content of Ca and concentrations of Fe and Zn. The results showed that subchronical oral exposure to cadmium and/or to low iron or calcium in diet had no influence on general appearance, food and water consumption nor on body weights of adult females during and out of the period of pregnancy and lactation. There was no influence on the percentage of pregnancy, average number of live newborn pups per litter not on a pup survival rate till day 11 or day 17 after birth.The exposure to cadmium reduced pups' growth from the day of parturition till day 11 after birth, with present Fe and Cd interactions.
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|a Interactions between Fe and Cd were noticed on dams' weights. In 10-week-old female offspring Cd and Ca had influence on lowered body weights. In dams and in newborn pups the influence of Fe, and in 11-day-old pups the influence of Fe and Cd were present on lowered wet organ weights. On blood parameters Fe and Cd (10 ppm) had influence in dams and in 11-day-old pups (increase of RTC and decrease of Hb) and Cd (50 ppm) had influence in 17-day-old pups (decrease of RBC, Hb and Hct). The influence of Fe in diet on decreased organ Fe concentrations has been evaluated in dams, newborns and 11-day-old pups. In 11-day-old pups Fe and Cd interactions on Fe concentrations appeared. Exposure to Cd had influence on lowered organ Fe concentrations in dams, 11-day-old and 17-day-old pups, 10-week-old offspring and nonpregnant females.
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|a Calcium influenced decrease of Fe concentrations in nonpregnant and lactating rats (in liver) and in 10-week-old females (in liver and femur). In lactating and 10-week-old females Ca and Cd interactions were present. In dams, exposure to Cd caused changes in organ Zn concentrations (increase in liver on both doses of Cd and Fe and Cd interactions, increase in kidney at 10 ppm and decrease at 50 ppm Cd).In young, Cd (50 ppm) had influence on lowering Zn concentrations in 17-day-old pups (in liver) and 10-week-old female offspring (in femur). In offspring, Fe had influence on increased Zn concentrations in newborns' kidney, in 17-day-old pups Ca had influence on Zn increase in kidney, and in 11-day-old pups there were interactions between Fe and Cd on Zn (in liver and brain).
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|a In dams, exposure to Cd caused changes in organ Cu concentrations (increase in kidney, changes in liver dependent on the Fe content in diet, Fe and Cd interactions in both organs). In pup organs Cd influenced Cu decrease in newborns (in liver) and increased in 11-day-old (in kidney). The influence of Fe on increased Cu concentrations appeared in newborns (in liver) and in 11-day-old pups (in liver, kidney and brain). Increased Cd accumulation in liver and kidney was measured in dams on Fe-deficient and on Ca-deficient diet, and in 10-week-old females on Ca-deficient diet, as well as in liver of 17-day-old pups on Ca-deficient diet. In dams, exposure to Cd and Ca-deficient diet had influence on decreased wet femur weights, and Cd alone influenced decrease of dry femur weight, ash weight and content of Ca in a femur.
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|a These effects were not pronounced in nonpregnant females. In nonpregnant and lactating females Cd and Ca had influence on decrease of a ratio between ash and dry femur weight. In 17-day-old offspring no influences were estimated. In 10-week-old female offspring influences of Cd and Ca on decreased bone mass, mineral and Ca content in bone were estimated. It can be concluded: 1) General Cd effect in perinatally exposed sucklings was more pronounced than in adult females, and it can be enhanced by Fe deficiency in postnatal period; 2) Exposure to Cd and Fe deficiency had additive influence on changes of blood parameters and on decrease of organ Fe concentrations in lactating dams and in their pups;
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|a 3) In sucklings, Cd and Fe interaction on Fe and other essential element concentrations (Zn, Cu) was observed. In lactating dams exposure to Cd caused an increase of Zn and Cu organ concentrations; 4) In dams, higher organ Cd accumulation than in nonpregnant females was found, and it was increased significantly at Fe- or Ca-deficient diet. Calcium deficiency also caused higher Cd accumulation in sucklings (17-day-old) exposed perinatally and in adolescent (10-week-old) female rats with combined perinatal and direct exposure; 5) The influence of Cd and/or Ca deficiency on bone mass loss and mineral (Ca) loss was more pronounced in lactating females as compared to nonpregnant females;
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|a 6) Combined perinatal and direct exposure to Cd that continued after weaning had adverse effects on growth and development in postnatal period and in adolescence. Furthermore, in adolescence, when increased needs for Ca are present, under conditions of deficient Ca in diet, influences of Cd and Ca on reduced formation of bone tissue and incorporation of minerals (Ca) in bone were found. The results suggest that women in childbearing age and young during the period of intensive growth and development are high risk groups for adverse Cd effect(s).
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|a Mineralni metabolizam
|x Kadmij
|x Djelovanje
|2 nskps
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| 700 |
1 |
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|a Piasek, Martina
|4 cns
|4 oth
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| 700 |
1 |
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|a Springer, Oskar
|4 oth
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| 700 |
1 |
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|a Soljačić, Marija
|4 oth
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| 700 |
1 |
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|a Blanuša, Maja
|4 oth
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| 981 |
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|j DCD-ZG-344/95
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|e DCD
|a 344/95
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0 |
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